Volume 91, Issue 4, April (2004), pp. © The Author 2004
doi:10.1079/BJN20031078

Biohydrogenation of dietary n-3 PUFA and stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen, and their effects on microbial activity in sheep

S. Chikunya¹, G. Demirel², M. Enser², J. D. Wood², R. G. Wilkinson¹ and L. A. Sinclair^1
1ASRC, Harper Adams University College, School of Agriculture, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
²Division of Food Animal Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK

 (Received 16 October 2002–Revised 27 October 2003–Accepted 21 November 2003)

The present study investigated the susceptibility of dietary n-3 PUFA to ruminal biohydrogenation, the stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen and the subsequent uptake of PUFA and vitamin E into plasma. Six cannulated sheep were assigned to six diets over five 33d periods, in an incomplete 6×5 Latin square. The diets, based on dried grass, were formulated to supply 50g fatty acids/kg DM using three lipid sources: Megalac^® (calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate; Volac Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK), linseed (formaldehyde-treated; Trouw Nutrition, Northwich, Ches., UK) and linseed–fish oil (formaldehyde-treated linseed+fish oil). The diets were supplemented with 100 or 500mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM. Fat source or level of vitamin E in the diet did not alter microbial activity in the rumen. Biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (18:3n-6; 85–90%), linolenic acid (18:3n-3; 88–93%), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; 91%) and EPA (20:5n-3; 92%) was extensive. Feeding formaldehyde-treated linseed elevated concentrations of 18:3n-3 in plasma, whilst 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3 were only increased by feeding the linseed–fish oil blend. Duodenal recovery of ingested vitamin E was high (range 0·79–0·92mg/mg fed). High dietary vitamin E was associated with increased plasma α-tocopherol (2·57 v. 1·46μg/ml for 500 and 100mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM respectively), although all concentrations were low. Plasma vitamin E levels, however, tended to decrease as the type and quantity of PUFA in the diet increased. The present study illustrates that nutritionally beneficial PUFA in both fish and linseed oils are highly susceptible to biohydrogenation in the rumen. Although α-tocopheryl acetate resisted degradation in the rumen, plasma vitamin E status remained deficient to borderline, suggesting either that uptake may have been impaired or metabolism post-absorption increased.

Keywords:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Vitamin E, Microbial protein synthesis

Abbreviations:
CLA, conjugated linoleic acid, DHA, docosahexaenoic acid, VFA, volatile fatty acid